Your FAQs About FCAW-SS Problems Answered
For structural steel applications, bridge construction and heavy equipment repair, self-shielded flux-cored welding (FCAW-SS) has become a standard and reliable process due to its ability to provide high-deposition rates and good weld quality. It also provides the chemical and mechanical properties necessary to withstand low temperatures and is equally well-suited for ship and barge construction applications.
Like every welding process, however, self-shielded FCAW has its challenges. From selecting the right power source and welding gun to determining the best filler metal for the application, it’s important to take care with each component in order to obtain the best welding performance. It’s also important to know the causes of and solutions to problems when they arise. Doing so can save you time, money and frustration.
Here are some frequently asked questions about self-shielded FCAW problems, along with some advice on how to remedy them.
What are slag inclusions and how can I prevent them?
Slag inclusions are common problems that can arise during the self-shielded FCAW process. They occur often in out-of-position welding and are the result of molten flux from inside the welding wire becoming trapped inside the weld. The potential for slag inclusions is also prevalent during multi-pass welding applications.
There are several ways to prevent slag inclusions. First, be certain to maintain the correct travel speed and angle. When welding in the vertical-up position, keep your gun’s drag angle between 5 and 15 degrees and increase it as necessary if the problem still occurs. If you are welding in the flat or horizontal positions, maintaining a drag angle between 15 and 45 degrees should prevent the problem. Secondly, always use the filler metal manufacturer’s recommended voltage for your welding wire to ensure that you are maintaining the proper heat input. Too low of heat input can cause slag inclusions.
Other ways to prevent slag inclusions include cleaning thoroughly between weld passes to remove any slag (use a chipping hammer, grinder or wire brush) and correct bead placement. Allow enough space in the weld joint, especially on root passes and wide groove openings, for the weld metal to fill it.
How can I prevent burnbacks?
Burnbacks are the result of the welding wire melting into a ball and fusing to the end of the contact tip, and they are a common cause of downtime in the self-shielded FCAW welding process. There are two main causes of this welding problem. Holding your gun too close to the joint or workpiece can cause burnbacks, as can using too low of a wire feed speed. You can prevent the problem by maintaining a work-to-contact-tip distance of no more than 1-1/4 inch. Also, use the correct wire feed speed for your application. When in doubt as to what that wire feed speed should be, contact your local welding distributor and/or consult the manual provided with your wire feeder.
Why does lack of fusion occur?
Lack of fusion often often occurs as the result of an improper gun angle. If you do not place the stringer bead in the proper location at the joint, the weld metal will fail to fuse completely with the base metal. This problem can also occur in multi-pass welding applications if the weld metal does not fuse with the preceding weld bead. A dirty work surface can also be the culprit.
To prevent lack of fusion, be sure to clean thoroughly before the initial weld pass and in between passes if you have a multi-pass application. Adjust your work angle or widen the joint groove so that you can fully access the bottom of the joint. Maintain a gun angle drag of 15 to 45 degrees or hold the arc on the groove’s sidewall if you are using a weaving technique. Consider increasing your voltage range if you experience lack of fusion and adjust your wire feed speed and your travel speed until you see complete weld fusion.
What are the causes of and solutions for bird-nesting?
Bird-nesting can be caused by a number of factors. This tangle of wire, which prevents the wire from feeding properly through the wire feeder and gun, is often the result of using the wrong drive rolls in your wire feeder and/or setting the wrong drive roll tension. To prevent the problem, use knurled V- or U-groove drive rolls, as these prevent the soft FCAW wire from compressing. Also, set the proper drive roll tension by first releasing the tension on the drive rolls, then increasing it slightly while you carefully feed the wire into a gloved palm. Continue increasing the tension until you reach a half-turn past wire slippage. As with using the correct drive rolls, the proper drive roll tension keeps the FCAW wire from being crushed.
Issues with the gun liner can also cause bird-nesting. These include using an improperly trimmed liner or using the wrong size liner for the given diameter of FCAW wire. To prevent bird-nesting, trim the liner according to the manufacturer’s recommendation, and make sure that there are no sharp edges on it afterward. Inspect your liner on a regular basis to look for blockages, and replace the liner if you find any.
What can I do to ensure I get the best joint penetration?
Good joint penetration is essential to having high-quality, sound welds, and the goal is to prevent too much or too little weld metal going into the joint. To prevent excessive penetration (weld metal melting through the base metal and hanging under the weld), maintain the proper heat input for your application. Lower your voltage range if the problem occurs, while also decreasing your wire feed speed and increasing your travel speed.
Conversely, if you find that you are not gaining enough penetration into the weld joint (called lack of penetration — the shallow fusion between the weld and base metal), increase your voltage range and wire feed speed, but reduce your travel speed. Remember, too, to prepare your joint properly. You need to be able to access the bottom portion of the groove in order to maintain the proper wire extension and obtain the arc characteristics needed for a good quality weld. When possible, prepare the joint so that the material you are welding isn’t too thick.
What can I do to prevent porosity?
The best prevention against porosity — a weld defect that occurs when gas becomes trapped in a weld — is to clean your base material thoroughly before welding. Be certain to remove all dirt, rust, grease or oil, paint and other potential contaminants along the full length of the joint you plan to weld. When you begin welding, maintain a wire extension of no more than 1-1/4 inch beyond the end of the contact tip. For some applications, using a filler metal that contains additional deoxidizers can help prevent porosity, as these products can often weld through light contaminants. Remember, however, no filler metal should be a replacement for proper cleaning procedures.
More FAQs?
Like any welding process, there are a number of challenges you may encounter with self-shielded FCAW and those discussed here are by no means an exhaustive list. A trusted welding distributor and a welding equipment manufacturer are both good resources to help you address problems related to wire feeding, weld quality and more. And remember, the more that you know about the causes of welding problems, the faster you can resolve them and get back to work.
Selecting the right MIG gun for your welding application, and maintaining it properly, is just as important to your overall productivity as any other part of the welding operation. Unfortunately, MIG guns are very often an overlooked part of the welding system. The reality is, however, that in addition to being responsible for delivering the current, wire and shielding gas to the weld puddle, your MIG gun can also have a significant impact on your weld quality and your bottom line. Similar to selecting your power source or wire feeder, the goal is to find the most cost-effective MIG gun that is capable of providing you with the performance that you need for your welding application. Regularly executing preventive maintenance can then help you protect that investment. Here are some tips to help you select the right MIG gun for your application and maintain it properly. We all have the tendency to fall victim to the “bigger is better” philosophy. When it comes to purchasing a MIG gun, however, that thinking may cost you more money than is necessary for this equipment. It can also lead to costly downtime. It is a common misconception that a welding procedure requiring 400 amps, for example, also requires a 400-amp MIG gun capable of operating at those amperage levels 100 percent of the time (i.e., 100 percent duty cycle). The fact is you spend time moving parts, grinding, tacking and completing other such tasks as opposed to welding nonstop. That means that you can often purchase a smaller amperage MIG gun for applications in which duty cycle is less than 100 percent for less money and still have it operate at the appropriate capacity. In this case, 300-amp model would suffice. A smaller, lower-amperage MIG gun also weighs less and can help reduce wrist fatigue that could lead to downtime. It offers the added benefit of being easier to maneuver, which can help improve weld quality, too, and lessen rework. When possible, using shorter power cables on your MIG gun can further minimize costs and downtime. As a general rule, shorter power cables are less expensive and, like a smaller MIG gun, offer better maneuverability. Shorter power cables also help minimize wire-feeding problems associated with kinking and coiling, so you can spend more time welding and less time resolving these issues. Consider using the smallest handle that can still meet your amperage needs. As with a smaller gun, smaller handles are easier to maneuver and can lessen fatigue. Some manufacturers also offer ventilated handles that help reduce heat and make it more comfortable to use for longer periods of time. Regularly inspecting your MIG gun can be an important part of reducing costs and gaining good welding performance. Fortunately, preventive maintenance (PM) for a MIG gun doesn’t have to be time consuming or difficult. Consider these key factors. Regularly check the wire feeder connection (where the power pin plugs into the feeder) to be certain it is tightened properly and that there is no dirt or debris on it. Loose or dirty wire feeder connections can cause heat to build up, leading to voltage drops that adversely affect the welding arc and may cause premature gun failure. Tighten the connection according to the manufacturer’s specifications or replace the direct plug if necessary to obtain a secure fit. Also inspect the O-rings for cracks that could lead to gas leaks, and replace them as necessary. Gas leaks often cause spatter and porosity, which increases downtime for cleanup and rework. It is not uncommon during the course of welding for the MIG gun liner to become clogged with debris, particularly from the welding wire. Over time, this accumulation of debris can lead to poor wire feeding, bird-nesting and burnbacks that require downtime to rectify. To maintain your liner, you can use compressed air to clear out potential blockages when you change wires. Also, tracking the length of time it takes for your liner to wear can help you better know when to replace the next one before you encounter problems. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendation for trimming and installing the liner to prevent kinking and wire-feeding problems. Typically these components require little maintenance beyond visual inspection. Regularly look for cracks on the handle or Loose connections at either end of the neck can cause electrical resistance that leads to poor weld quality and/or consumable failures. Check regularly to ensure tight neck connections. Also, visually inspect the insulators on your MIG gun neck and replace if damaged. These insulators prevent electrically live components from exposure, ensuring your safety and the longevity of your equipment. Power cable maintenance is a very important part of eliminating unnecessary equipment costs. Regularly inspect the power cable for damage, including cuts or kinks, and replace it as necessary. Cuts in the cable can expose copper wire and lead to a potential shock hazard, while kinking obstructs gas flow and wire feeding. The latter can lead to weld defects and arc instability that require downtime to remedy. Frequently inspect your MIG gun nozzle and contact tip for signs of spatter build-up, which can obstruct shielding gas flow and cause weld defects that will need to be reworked. Spatter build-up can also cause your consumables to fail prematurely. Replace both consumables if spatter build-up appears or clean according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. Also, be certain that these components (and the gas diffuser) are securely connected. Loose connections can increase electrical resistance, which in turn leads to poor welding performance and can shorten the life of your consumables, adding to your overall costs. Remember, just like the power source and wire feeder, your MIG gun can impact your weld quality, productivity and costs. Taking the time to select the proper MIG gun and maintain it regularly, however, can help this equipment last longer and ensure that you spend more time welding instead of resolving problems.
Weld flaws come in all shapes, sizes and degrees of severity. Yet one thing holds true regardless of the application or material on which they occur: They are a common, and costly, cause of downtime and lost productivity. They are also an occurrence that even the most skilled welder can experience. In the GMAW process, specifically, there are several typical weld flaws that can transpire. From porosity to undercut and burn through, each has multiple causes. Fortunately, there are also numerous cures that can help welding operators minimize their frustration over weld flaws and get back to work faster. When gas becomes trapped along the surface or inside of the weld metal, porosity occurs. Like other weld flaws, porosity results in a weak weld that must be ground out and reworked. Causes: Typically, inadequate or contaminated shielding gas is the culprit of porosity. Using a nozzle that is too small for the application, or a nozzle full of weld spatter, can also cause this weld flaw. Having a dirty base metal and/or extending the welding wire too far beyond the nozzle is an additional cause. On warm days, air currents from cooling fans can disrupt the shielding gas envelope around the weld puddle creating this problem. Another common cause is a poor seal or a loose fitting in the shielding gas channel through the welding gun. Any gas leaks have the potential to aspirate air into the gas flow. Cures: To correct porosity, ensure that that there is adequate gas flow (increasing it as needed), and replace any damaged gas hoses or GMAW gun components that may be causing leaks. Also, place a welding screen around the work area if welding outside or in an area inside that is particularly drafty. Check that the nozzle being used is large enough for the application and replace with a larger one if it is not. Remove any spatter build up in the nozzle. Extend the welding wire no more than 1/2 inch beyond the nozzle and make certain that the base metal is clean prior to welding. Slowing travel speed to gain greater shielding gas coverage can also combat porosity, as can keeping the nozzle within 1/4- to 1/2-inch of the base metal during welding. Just as its name implies, burn through results when the weld metal penetrates fully through the base metal, essentially “burning through” it. It is most common on thin materials, particular those that are 1/4 inch or less. Another weld flaw, excessive penetration (too much penetration into the weld joint), can very often lead to burn through. Causes: Excessive heat is the primary cause of burn through. Having too large of a root opening on the weld joint can also result in burn through. Cures: If burn through occurs, lowering the voltage or wire feed speed can help rectify the problem. Increasing travel speed helps, too, especially when welding on aluminum, which is prone to heat build-up. If a wide root opening is the suspected cause of burn-through, increasing the wire extension and/or using a weaving technique during welding can help minimize heat input and the potential for burn through. Incomplete joint penetration or lack of penetration results when there is shallow fusion between the weld metal and the base metal, rather than full penetration of the joint. It can often lead to weld cracking and joint failure. Causes: Insufficient heat input and improper joint preparation are the main causes of incomplete joint penetration. The shielding gas mixture and wire diameter can also be a factor. Cures: There are several cures for incomplete joint penetration, including using higher wire feed speed and/or voltages. Reducing travel speed also allows more weld metal to penetrate the joint, as does preparing and designing the joint properly. The joint should allow the welding operator to maintain the proper welding wire extension (no more than 1/2 inch beyond the nozzle) and still access the bottom of the weld joint. Make sure that the shielding gas or gas mixture, wire type and diameters are recommended for the application. Undercutting is a groove or crater that occurs near the toe of the weld. When this weld flaw occurs, the weld metal fails to fill in that grooved area, resulting in a weak weld that is prone to cracking along the toes. Causes: Excessive heat, as well as poor welding techniques, can both lead to undercutting on a weld joint. Cures: Reducing the welding current and voltage is the first step to rectifying undercutting. Using a weaving technique in which the welding operator pauses slightly at each side of the weld bead can also help prevent this weld flaw. Additional cures include reducing travel speed to a rate that allows the weld metal to fill out the joint completely and adjusting the angle of the GMAW gun to point more directly toward the weld joint. Hot cracking typically appears along the length of a weld or directly next to it almost immediately after the weld puddle solidifies. This weld flaw occurs at temperatures greater than 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit (538 Celsius). There are multiple variations of hot cracking including centerline, bead shape and crater cracks. Causes: Hot cracking can result from several factors. These include poor fit-up or joint design, creating too thin of welds and welding at too high of voltages. High levels of base metal impurities can also cause this weld flaw. In some cases, high levels of specific alloys (boron, for example) in filler metals can cause the problem. Cures: Having the proper joint design and good part fit up is one way to help prevent hot cracking, as it keeps the weld puddle the appropriate size and minimizes the chance of the throat of the weld being too thin. In the case of crater cracking, in particular, using a backfill technique (backing up to fill in the joint fully) can minimize cracking by adding throat thickness to the crater weldment. Careful filler metal selection and shielding gas selection is also imperative. Causes: Most often the cause of incomplete fusion is an incorrect gun angle, although contaminants on the base metal can also cause this weld flaw. In some instances, insufficient heat can be the culprit. Cures: First, clean the base metal properly prior to welding, making sure it is free of dirt, oil, grease or other debris. Next, welding operators should place their GMAW gun at an angle of zero to 15 degrees in order to access the groove of the weld joint fully and keep the arc on the leading edge of the weldpuddle. Increase travel speed as necessary to keep the arc from getting too far ahead of the weld puddle. For joints requiring a weaving technique, holding the arc on the sidewall for a moment can help prevent incomplete fusion. Make certain, too, that there is enough heat input to fuse the weld metal and base metal fully. Increase the voltage range and adjust the wire feed speed as necessary to complete the weldment. Remember, even the most skilled welding operators can experience weld flaws. The key to keeping them from affecting productivity and increasing costs in the welding operation is to identify and rectify the problems as quickly as possible. Proper maintenance of the welding equipment is also imperative. Repair or replace any worn or defective items.
Estimated reading time: 9 minutes With so many factors to monitor — equipment, weld procedures, filler metals and MIG gun consumables — it’s inevitable that mistakes will occur in most welding operations on any given day. Human error dictates that a welding operator can easily set a power source and wire feeder to the wrong parameters or trim and install a MIG gun liner improperly. But there are other mistakes that can occur in welding operations on a regular basis — ones that many companies may not even realize that they are making. The reality is, however, that these mistakes can have a significant impact on quality, productivity and a company’s bottom line. Fortunately, they don’t have to happen. Consider these top 10 mistakes involved in running a welding operation, along with some recommendations for solving them. Storing filler metals in an area where they are prone to accumulating moisture or exposed to other contaminants (e.g., dirt, oil or grease) can have an adverse effect on their welding performance. To prevent damage, companies should store filler metals in a dry, clean area with a relatively constant temperature until they are ready for use. Spools and coils of wire that are kept on the wire feeder for an extended period should be covered securely with a plastic bag or removed from the wire feeder and stored in the original packaging. An enclosed wire feeder can also protect against contaminants. Such precautions prevent damage that can lead to poor weld quality, and ultimately, rework. It is important for companies to use the best equipment for the job. Repurposing old or dilapidated power sources, welder/generators or wire feeders can cause quality issues, not to mention downtime and additional costs for troubleshooting problems that inevitably arise from using dated equipment and technology. Instead, companies should consider the newer technologies available in the marketplace, recognizing the advantages these can offer in terms of improving weld quality and productivity. In most cases, newer equipment can provide companies with a quick return on investment and greater long-term savings – in a relatively short payback period. Newer technologies often offer benefits like improved power efficiency, better deposition rates, lower weld prep time and faster training, all of which ultimately add up to greater arc-on time and productivity. Performing a thorough cost-savings analysis before buying new equipment can help companies assess their potential return on investment, as well as justify the capital expenditure. Using a too-low or too-high amperage MIG gun can lead to unnecessary costs for purchasing and replacing this equipment. Welding operators rarely spend the entire day welding or welding continuously, as there is downtime for part preparation, movement and/or fixturing. For that reason, it may be possible to use a lower amperage MIG gun or one with a lesser duty cycle on some applications. For example, using a lighter and smaller 300-amp MIG gun instead of a 400-amp model can provide welding operators with greater maneuverability and reduce downtime for fatigue. Lower amperage MIG guns tend to cost less, as well. Conversely, on higher amperage applications and/or those that require longer periods of welding, it is important to use a higher amperage gun. Skimping and purchasing a lower amperage MIG gun in this situation can lead to overheating, premature failure and greater long-term costs. Companies should consult with a trusted welding distributor for MIG gun recommendations for their application. It is not uncommon for companies to preheat too little or skip this portion of the Preventive maintenance (PM) is a frequently overlooked part of the welding operation, but it is critical to preventing unscheduled downtime and keeping repair costs low. A well-performed PM program can also help increase productivity, extend equipment life and create a workplace philosophy that encourages shared responsibility for, and interest in, preserving the integrity of the welding equipment. Companies should develop a regular timetable to inspect their power sources, wire feeders and MIG gun or TIG torches during scheduled downtime in production. Between welding shifts is often enough time to perform routine inspections. Checking consumables regularly for spatter build-up — and replacing these components as needed — is also an important part of a viable PM program. Using the correct type and/or mixture of shielding gas can help companies prevent weld defects, minimize excessive spatter and reduce costs for rework or post-weld cleanup. Shielding gases also determine arc characteristics and weld penetration on a given application. Straight CO2 provides good weld penetration, but it is prone to spatter and has a less stable arc than mixtures that include argon. High argon mixtures (a minimum of 85 percent argon for solid wire or as low as 75 percent for metal-cored wires) are the best choice. These mixtures can be used in the spray transfer process to promote higher deposition rates and generate less spatter. For TIG welding, the appropriate argon/helium mixture can improve speed, quality and arc characteristics. For both MIG and TIG welding operations, companies should purchase their shielding gas from a reputable welding distributor and be certain that it meets the purity requirements for their application. All gas delivery systems should be free of contaminants that could enter the weld puddle and welding operators should use the correct shielding gas flow rate. Too little gas flow won’t properly shield the molten weld pool, while too much flow can cause turbulence and aspirate air into the weld puddle. Protecting the weld puddle from drafts is also critical. Due to the initial up-front cost savings, the temptation may be great for companies to purchase less expensive filler metals. However, doing so can often lead to greater long-term costs and lower productivity levels. It is not uncommon, for example, to experience downtime associated with poor wire feeding, excessive spatter or, potentially, weld defects when using lower quality filler metals. Companies may also find themselves experiencing an excessive amount of time for non-value-added activities (those that do not directly contribute to their throughput), such as applying anti-spatter and post-weld grinding or rework. For that reason, it is important to look at the total cost of using particular filler metals, as opposed to the per-unit cost. If more expensive, higher quality filler metals can minimize labor costs for non-value-added activities and provide better weld quality and/or greater productivity, then the higher up-front cost makes good sense in the long run. Skipping steps in weld preparation can lead to weld defects, rework or scrapped parts. Welding operators should always take care to clean the base material before welding to prevent contaminants like dirt, oil or grease from entering the weld puddle. Similarly, monitoring part fit-up is a critical part of the pre-weld process. Welding operators should carefully assess the weld joints to ensure there are no excessive gaps, as poor part fit-up can lead to issues like burn-through or distortion on all materials, but particularly when welding on materials like aluminum or stainless steel. Clamping or fixturing a part in the correct position is also a good practice to help protect materials like stainless steel against distortion or buckling. It is not uncommon for companies to overlook the importance of their MIG gun consumables. Unfortunately, that oversight can lead to a host of problems, including unscheduled downtime for changeover and/or rework of weld defects caused by a poorly performing contact tip, nozzle or liner. To help avoid problems, select consumables with a tapered design that locks conductive parts together to reduce heat buildup. Contact tips with coarse threads are a good way to speed up replacement and make sure installation is accurate. Look for consumables where the diffuser locks and aligns the liner with the contact tip and power pin for flawless wire feeding. These systems also offer error-proof liner installation with no measuring required; the liner is simply locked in and trimmed flush with the power pin at the back of the gun. As with other parts of the welding operation, investing time and money in training can yield significant long-term benefits for companies. Not only do welding operators benefit individually from process and equipment training, but in many cases it can also help them optimize the welding operation for greater efficiency. Too, proper training can give companies a competitive edge over those who have less-skilled labor and it promotes greater teamwork among employees. Typically, training opportunities are available through equipment and filler metal manufacturers or through welding distributors. In some cases, working with a local technical college can lead to training for specific applications and markets, allowing companies to bring in welding operators who are already trained for a given application and better promote their position in a given industry. Making mistakes is human nature, but with some careful consideration, it is easy to avoid some of the more common ones associated with running a welding operation. Measuring out long-term savings, versus cutting costs up front, is a particularly good way to avoid pitfalls that could lead to excessive downtime, quality issues or lost productivity. And it can have an excellent impact on a company’s bottom line.
When you have a company that fabricates its projects by the tons and measures its man-hours by the thousands, downtime simply isn’t an option. The welding operators and supervisors at Brooklyn Iron Works know that fact better than most. The Spokane, Wash.-based company, whose steel fabrication spans from bridges in Alaska to projects in Antarctica, tackles some of the highest-profile, high-inspection jobs around. And they rely on some good old-fashioned teamwork, among other attributes, to meet their deadlines. “Everything we do is a team effort,” QA Manager Phil Zammit explains. “We’re a good company with skilled employees and good management. It makes us a premium company here in the Northwest.” It also makes them a reputable one. Brooklyn Iron Works doesn’t maintain a sales force, but instead relies — and successfully so — on its reputation and word of mouth to generate business. Scott Allen, the company’s general manager, explains that they are invited to bids based simply on the quality work they do and the timeliness in which they do it. Last year, Norco Gas & Supplies representative Tim McGrath approached Zammit and Allen with a proposition to make their welding operations even better: a two-week trial of Bernard Centerfire™ consumables on their existing MIG guns. According to Zammit, they had tried Bernard products years before and didn’t think they were the right fit for their application. Still, he decided to keep an open mind and agreed to the trial. Two weeks later, he invited McGrath to convert the front-end of all 25 of the company’s MIG guns to Centerfire consumables and shortly thereafter, converted to Bernard’s Q-Gun™ MIG guns too. The reason? Less downtime. Brooklyn Iron Works, according to Allen, fabricates projects ranging from 650 to 2,000 tons or more, including fracture critical structural components for bridges, demand-critical welding on columns, beams and moment connections bound for seismic locations, like California. Not surprisingly, the company maintains a workforce of highly skilled certified welders certified to the AWS D1.1 (Structural Welding Code – Steel), D1.8 (Structural Welding Code – Seismic) and D1.5 (Bridge Welding Code). Many projects take between nine months and a year from start to finish. Depending on contract and/or code specifications, every weld at Brooklyn Iron Works is visually inspected and oftentimes includes 100 percent NDE (nondestructive examination) including MT, UT or RT. Others undergo random NDE testing for quality monitoring purposes. The company maintains a staff of certified welding inspectors (CWIs), as well as hosting contracted NDE inspectors, to manage these tasks. They also have a cleaning and painting facility to finish products after welding and prior to shipment to customers. Gaining access to the weld joints is one of the biggest challenges welding operators at Brooklyn Iron Works encounter while creating these welds. They weld mostly structural steel grades, with the majority being A36, A572 Grade 50, A500 and A709 steel including weathering types. Thicknesses range from 1/4 to 2-1/2 inches. On deep and tight joints, reaching the root of the joint for the initial root pass requires not only the right type of MIG gun and nozzle, but also welder dexterity. With the company’s previous consumables, welding operators often had to extend their electrode stickout as far as 2 inches to access the joints, a practice that risked generating porosity since it could compromise the necessary shielding gas coverage. Another challenge the company faced was the occurrence of burnbacks, the formation of a weld inside the contact tip, when using their old brand of contact tips. Brooklyn Iron Works welding personnel run their weld beads at high amperages (300 to 400 amps) using typically .052- or 1/16-inch FCAW wire diameters, which often proved too harsh on their previous contact tips. They would loosen after routine welding, causing the wires to arc back and create the burnback. The trial of Centerfire consumables gave Zammit and his team of welding operators a solution to these two problems—and it led to a MIG gun conversion that provided some additional benefits, too. When McGrath initiated the trial of Centerfire consumables at Brooklyn Iron Works, he started by installing them on just two MIG guns, using a conversion adapter offered by Bernard. Zammit and his welding operators quickly realized that the design of the Centerfire consumables provided a better solution for their welding operation. The Centerfire nozzles they trialed, and now use, feature a tapered design that stays fixed flush with the end of the contact tip and allows welding operators to reach into the deep weld joints without having to extend their welding wire as much. As a result, the welding operators can gain better gas coverage and lessen the risk of porosity. The Centerfire consumables also include a built-in spatter shield that acts as an additional gas diffuser and ensures a more consistent gas flow, a feature that Zammit particularly likes. “These consumables direct the gas exactly where we need it,” he explains. “It keeps our gas shielding coverage right at the weld, even when the doors are open or we have a breeze. We’ve never had a huge problem with porosity, but now we have even less of one.” Just as importantly, Zammit and his welding operators have almost completely resolved their issue with burnbacks. Compared to the company’s previous contact tips, which threaded into the diffuser and tended to loosen after welding, the Centerfire contact tips “drop in” the diffuser and are held in place by tightening the nozzle. This non-threaded tip design features a tapered base and large diameter seat that helps generate consistent electrical conductivity and heat transfer—and it stays in place during welding. We rarely get burnbacks anymore with the Bernard contact tips, before we had a substantial amount of downtime. And that’s money. It’s lost arc time for tip maintenance. On the few occasions when a burnback does occur, Zammit notes that the Centerfire contact tips can be easily removed— without tools— and changed because of the threadless design.He also goes on to explain that the company is saving money by having to replace fewer contact tips. By his calculation, Brooklyn Iron Works now uses about a third fewer contact tips than before. Shortly after converting their front-end consumables, Zammit and his welding operators also decided to convert to Bernard MIG guns. They now use 400-amp, air-cooled Q-Gun MIG guns with 15-foot cables and have, since the conversion, found additional ways to reduce downtime. According to Zammit and Maintenance Supervisor John Dahl, the maintenance on their Q-Gun MIG guns is much simpler than with the competitive guns they used previously. Changing the neck or liner on those guns required an Allen wrench to remove setscrews on the front and backend of the MIG guns, a process that Dahl says required disassembling the MIG gun and could take nearly an hour to complete. To change the necks on the Q-Gun MIG guns Dahl simply unscrews a plastic ring surrounding the neck by hand and inserts the new neck or liner. It takes less than five minutes. And he finds that he doesn’t have to conduct maintenance as often, either. In fact, he said that one of the Q-Gun MIG guns has been used with the same liner for a year. “Maintenance on these guns is so much easier and quicker now,” says Dahl. “Plus, we’ve gotten good feedback from the welding operators in terms of the neck options on the Q-Guns.” The Q-Gun MIG guns have necks available in fixed, rotatable and flexible options in various lengths and bend angles, with the rotatable versions being able to changeover without tools. According to Zammit, these neck options help the welding operators better accommodate the varying welding angles they encounter on projects. They can reach the weld joints easier and reduce downtime to address issues like wrist fatigue. Welding operator Ricky Curtis agrees — especially when it comes to using the flexible neck versions of the Q-Gun MIG guns “I can bend the neck in any direction I need,” he explains. “Even around the corners. I like that the gun does the work for me, instead of my wrist.” Zammit and Allen also like that the welding operators are more comfortable and that it is taking less time to maintain the guns. Simply put, more arc-on time means better productivity. Keeping an open mind isn’t always easy. It’s often human nature to stay with the routine of “doing things as they’ve always been done.” But sometimes, taking a chance can yield unexpected benefits. Brooklyn Iron Works clearly learned this lesson when they agreed to the trial of Bernard consumables. Now they are reaping the positive results that come with it, and passing those results on to their customers. From the power source to the welding wire, each of the components in an arc welding operation can have a significant impact on productivity. The welding gun and consumables — nozzles, contact tips and diffusers — in particular, are often an overlooked aspect of the whole process, but these components directly affect quality, welder comfort, rework, downtime and more. There are three key ways in which guns and consumables used in flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) can lead to improved productivity: The contact tip is the last point of contact between the welding equipment and the welding wire, as well as the consumable responsible for generating the electrical connection to create the arc. As the wire passes through the contact tip, it can often erode the inside of the tip bore, leading to interruptions in the electrical current and causing poor arc stability. During the normal course of welding, especially at higher amperages, the contact tip can also become loose and cause a burnback (or the formation of a weld inside the contact tip). Burnbacks are often a significant source of downtime in a welding operation — and a big hindrance to productivity. Having a contact tip that stays securely placed during the course of welding is key to combating burnbacks. Brooklyn Iron Works (Spokane, Wash.) found just such a solution when they converted to Centerfire™ contact tips last year. Like other structural fabrication companies, Brooklyn Iron Works faces stringent deadlines for its projects, so the ability to minimize downtime for burnbacks and any other equipment management is imperative. Their welding personnel run their weld beads at high amperages (300 to 400 amps) using typically .052- or 1/16-inch FCAW wire diameters, which often proved too harsh on their previous contact tips. They would loosen after routine welding, causing the wires to arc back and create the burnback. “Before we converted to the new contact tips, we had a substantial amount of downtime for contact tip changeover,” explains QA Manager, Phil Zammit. “And that’s money. It’s lost arc time for tip maintenance. Now we are using a third fewer tips and don’t have to worry about the downtime like before.” The company’s new contact tips don’t loosen because they “drop in” the diffuser and are locked in place by tightening the nozzle. They also feature a non-threaded tip design with a tapered base and large diameter seat. The other benefit of the design is that it helps generate consistent electrical conductivity and heat transfer, both of which help the consumables last longer and perform more reliably. Brooklyn Iron Works’ welding operators frequently encounter weld joints up to 2-in. deep. In the past, they often had to extend their electrode stickout as far as 2 inches to access the joints, a practice that risked generating porosity since it could compromise the necessary shielding gas coverage. Brooklyn Iron Works has found their solution to porosity is to have the right size and shape of nozzle for the application. Switching to Centerfire consumables now allows them to reduce electrode stick-out and gain better gas coverage at the same time. “These consumables direct the gas exactly where we need it,” Zammit explains. “It keeps our gas shielding coverage right at the weld, even when the doors are open or we have a breeze. We’ve never had a huge problem with porosity, but now we have even less of one.” The nozzles feature a tapered shape that stays fixed flush with the contact tip. They also include a built-in spatter shield that acts as an additional gas diffuser and ensures a more consistent directional gas flow, even on deep joints or if there is a slight breeze present. The typical welding operator spends time during a shift allocated to joint preparation, part fit-up and movement, along with other activities that contribute to the throughput of the welding operation. But during the actual process of welding, it is critical that he or she remain comfortable. Good welding operator comfort lessens the chances of injuries associated with repetitive movement and reduces overall operator fatigue. And a more content employee also brings forth the potential for greater productivity. Welding operators at Brooklyn Iron Works have addressed the issue of comfort through the various necks available on their Bernard 400-amp Q-Guns. The Q-Guns are available with fixed, rotatable and flexible necks in various lengths and bend angles. These neck options help the welding operators better accommodate the varying welding angles they encounter on projects. They can reach the weld joints better and minimize downtime to address issues like wrist fatigue. The flexible necks are especially helpful on difficult joints, as they can be adjusted to weld around corners or to fit into complex shaped steel components. Welding operator Ricky Curtis explains, “I can bend the neck in any direction I need. Even around the corners. I like that the gun does the work for me, instead of my wrist.” According to the company’s maintenance supervisor, John Dahl, there have been additional benefits to the design of the gun as well. “It takes only about five minutes to change a neck on these guns, compared to nearly an hour with our previous guns,” he explains. This ease of maintenance is another way in which having the equipment has helped Brooklyn Iron Works reduce downtime and get back to welding faster. Remember, in the long run, companies can benefit from looking at how every aspect of their welding operation impacts downtime. Time spent for changing out contact tips or maneuvering unnecessarily into difficult joints can ultimately hinder productivity, as can having welding guns that are time-consuming to maintain. Addressing the problem of productivity may be as simple as looking at a new consumable option or finding ways to make the welding operators more comfortable.
Consumables for the welding gun can significantly impact the productivity and welding quality in an operation. This makes it important to keep consumables properly cleaned and maintained, to help minimize unplanned downtime, extend consumable life and optimize performance. The heat produced in the welding process can have a significant impact on the cleanliness and longevity of MIG consumables. Processes like pulsed MIG and/or higher amperage applications tend to subject consumables to higher levels of heat, as do applications in which there is a large amount of reflective heat. Those include applications with tight tooling or those that require welding in restricted areas. The hotter the consumables become during the welding process, the softer the material (usually copper or brass) becomes, resulting in a surface area that is much more prone to accumulating spatter and failing prematurely. To avoid such problems, it is important to determine the best consumables for each application and consider how they will be managed throughout the course of a welding shift. For example, high-amperage applications (those above 300 amps) most often benefit from using heavy-duty consumables because they have greater mass and are capable of dissipating the heat more readily. However, if the welding procedure dictates that the contact tip must be changed frequently, a standard-duty contact tip may suffice. The goal is for companies to determine which consumables — heavy- or standard-duty — are most capable of withstanding the duty cycle and heat of the application. A reliable welding integrator can often help with the selection. Using an anti-spatter compound can help keep MIG consumables clean on both semi-automatic and robotic welding applications; however, it must be used sparingly. On a semi-automatic application, welding operators should dip only the front inch and a half of the nozzle into the anti-spatter compound. Submerging the nozzle in the anti-spatter compound can saturate the nozzle’s fiberglass insulator and also potentially plug up the gas holes on the diffuser. This build-up may cause the nozzle to fail prematurely or result in porosity in the welds due to the unbalanced gas coverage. In robotic applications, only the minimum amount of anti-spatter compound required for the application should be used. Using too much can cause build-up on the consumables and/or cause debris to accumulate and clog the nozzle, leading to poor gas coverage, inconsistent electrical conductivity or shortened consumable life. Another important way to combat spatter is to inspect the nozzle for build-up on a regular basis and clean it with a soft wire brush or spatter-cleaning tool as needed. Welding operators should never hit the nozzle against the tooling or work piece to loosen spatter. Doing so can dent, misshape or compromise the smooth surface finish of the nozzle, which creates greater areas for spatter to adhere to and reduces the life of the consumable. Always keep MIG consumables in their original packaging until they are ready for use. Opening them and placing them in a bin can lead to scratches or dents that allow spatter to adhere and will ultimately shorten the products’ life. Similarly, removing contact tips or diffusers from their packaging and storing them in open or dirty containers can cause dirt and oil to accumulate in the threads, which can impede them from properly seating together. Also, companies should always keep storage containers for new consumables separate from those for discarded ones to avoid selecting an old contact tip or nozzle that may have dents or scratches and be prone to spatter accumulation. Finally, welding operators should always use clean gloves when handling or replacing contact tips, nozzles and diffusers to prevent dirt, oil or other contaminants from adhering to them. Installing MIG consumables correctly and inspecting them periodically for good connections minimizes the chance of poor conductivity and with it, spatter accumulation or premature failure. Welding operators should always follow the GMAW consumable manufacturer’s suggestions for contact tip and gas diffuser installation, using a pair of channel lock pliers, welpers or other such recommended installation tool. Never use wire cutters or side cutters — too much pressure from these tools can damage the inside diameter of the contact tip, which leads to poor welding performance and a shortened lifespan. Also these tools tend to scratch the surface of the consumables leaving marks that attract spatter. A good rule of thumb is to hand tighten the contact tip until it is fully seated into the diffuser, then grip the contact tip with an appropriate tool as close to the base as possible, tightening it 1/4 to 1/2 turn past finger tight. This procedure helps ensure a good connection that minimizes electrical resistance, overheating and damage to the consumables, as well as excessive spatter accumulation. Follow the same procedure for installing and tightening the diffuser so that it fully connects with the neck. Also note, some contact tips available in the marketplace can be installed and held in place by hand tightening the nozzle. Check the manufacturer’s recommendation for proper installation instructions. Inspect consumable connections regularly to ensure that they are secure. An improperly trimmed and installed liner can cause a host of wire-feeding problems that lead to downtime to rectify. It can also affect the performance of MIG consumables, how clean they stay and their longevity. Cutting a liner too short can cause the liner to be misaligned with or in the gas diffuser. The result is a welding wire that feeds off-center, leading to premature contact tip failure. Liners that are too short can also lead to the build-up of debris between the liner and retaining head, which causes wire feeding issues and poor weld quality. In some cases, the gap that is present between the gas diffuser and liner when a liner has been cut too short may cause the welding wire to catch, resulting in small shavings that can plug up the contact tip and cause it to fail quickly. A liner that’s too long can cause kinking that again leads to wire-feeding issues that shorten the life of the contact tip. Always make sure that to remove any burrs or sharp edges after cutting a liner to ensure smooth and consistent feeding of the welding wire. Welding operators should always consult with the liner manufacturer’s recommendation for proper trimming and installation instructions. It is also important that they wear gloves when handling the liner and avoid dragging it on the ground to prevent debris from being introduced into the MIG gun. Such debris can lead to weld contamination and/or poor consumable performance. The position of the contact tip (extended or recessed) affects how well consumables last, along with how clean they stay. So too does the nozzle used in conjunction with a specific contact tip and the wire size. The farther the contact tip extends from the nozzle, the closer it is to the arc and the more prone it is to reflective heat. The result is a greater tendency toward spatter accumulation and a greater opportunity for burnbacks. Using a recessed contact-tip-to-nozzle relationship when possible can minimize this problem and provide better shielding gas coverage at the same time. For companies with applications that require access into restricted areas, it is important to select a nozzle that provides that access, but isn’t tapered so much that it minimizes the space around the contact tip. If there isn’t enough space for shielding gas to flow out of the nozzle, it can cause the shielding gas to hit the work piece and begin jetting back and/or swirling. The result is the pulling of oxygen into the weld pool and an increase in spatter. Too, the smaller the bore size on the nozzle, the more prone it is to absorbing heat (because there is less mass to that portion of the consumable) and having spatter adhere to it. As a general rule, companies should select the largest consumable that will work for the application and provide the necessary joint access. Larger consumables are more able to resist heat and spatter build-up, and they often last longer as a result. Selecting consumables with the right material for the application is important, too. For example, brass nozzles tend to resist spatter well and are good for lower-amperage applications (100 to 300 amps), whereas copper nozzles are better for high-amperage applications (above 300 amps) or for those with longer arc-on time. Lastly, companies should always pay attention to the manner in which they manage consumables. When possible, having the same consumables throughout the welding operation can help welding operators better maintain the consistency of the consumable performance and troubleshoot problems more quickly when they occur. The result can be longer-lasting, cleaner consumables that provide more reliable performance and quality.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) involves more than just arc-on time. Welding operators also need to be mindful of other activities that contribute to the overall productivity and quality in the welding operation, including proper joint preparation, following correct weld parameters and ensuring good part fit-up. Selecting the proper GMAW gun, consumables and shielding gas is also critical to achieving good results. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for there to be confusion as to how these components affect the welding operation. The reality is, however, that they can have a significant impact on downtime and costs, not to mention operator comfort. The goal is to make sure that impact is positive. Following are answers to some common questions about GMAW guns, consumables and shielding gas to help you select the best ones for your welding operation and manage them in a way that provides optimal results. When it comes to GMAW guns, bigger isn’t always better. In fact, selecting a larger amperage gun than needed for your application may cost you money in the long run and lead to discomfort, which results in unnecessary downtime. Duty cycle is defined as the amount of arc-on time within a 10-minute period, so a 20 percent duty cycle would constitute two minutes of arc-on time in a 10-minute time frame. Because most welding operators don’t weld 100 percent of the time, it is often possible to use a lower amperage gun for a welding procedure that calls for a higher amperage one. For example, in many cases you could use a 300-amp gun model in place of a 400-amp gun model, since actual arc-on time often does not exceed the amperage to duty cycle ratio of a 300-amp gun. The benefit is that the lower amperage gun generally costs less money — and it also weighs less, which can help reduce wrist fatigue, commonly associated with downtime. The lower amperage GMAW gun will still be capable of operating at the appropriate capacity, while also offering the benefit of being easier to maneuver – a factor than may help you improve weld quality and lessen rework, too. There are several factors to consider when choosing your GMAW gun. After determining your amperage needs, you should also look for features like a rigid, strong strain relief. Strength in this area between the power pin and cable can help minimize kinking, which often leads to an unstable arc and/or poor wire feeding. Next, consider selecting a smaller handle gun (but one that can still meet your amperage needs), as it may help reduce wrist fatigue and be easier to maneuver into complex joints. You may also want to consider looking for a specific style of neck for your application. Many GMAW gun manufacturers offer fixed, rotating and flexible necks in various lengths and angles, allowing you to reach joints more easily. Regardless of the style of neck you choose, you should find one with good armor to protect it against damage that could lead to electrical shorts or premature failure. Finally, select a GMAW gun with a comfortable and easy-to-service trigger. Typically, you will be able to find a variety of trigger options, including standard style, locking or dual schedule. Regardless of the specific style, look for sturdy triggers that will withstand work site abuse and that can be easily replaced should one of the mechanics fail. Shielding gas prevents exposure of the molten weld pool to oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen contained in the air atmosphere, in order to protect the weld from contamination and/or defects. The type you use can impact everything from the penetration profile to arc stability and the mechanical properties of the finished weld. If you need deep weld penetration, particularly on thick materials, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a good choice and it is also the least expensive. This gas, however, does tend to create spatter and is limited to use in short circuit welding. Adding 75 to 95 percent argon to the CO2 can provide better arc stability and puddle control, both of which reduce spatter compared to straight CO2. This mixture will also allow you to use a spray transfer process, allowing you to weld faster in many cases. Argon also produces a narrower penetration profile that is useful for fillet and butt welds. If you’re welding a non-ferrous metal — aluminum, magnesium or titanium — you’ll need to use 100 percent argon. In some cases, oxygen or helium is used in the GMAW process, but it is not as common. Consumable service life can vary dramatically from application to application. There are a few steps you can take to make them last longer, however. First, use the correct contact tip for the size wire who have and be certain it fits securely with the gas diffuser. A solid connection between these components helps ensure good conductivity and minimize overheating, making them last longer. Also, inspect your nozzle on a regular basis for spatter and clean as necessary. Use a pair of welding pliers or a special nozzle-cleaning tool for the job, as directed by the consumable manufacturer. Be sure, too, that you have the appropriate type of consumables for your application. Applications above 300 amps, for instance, can often benefit from heavy-duty consumables, which have greater mass and can dissipate heat more readily. The result, in many cases, is longer service life. Finally, set the drive roll tension on your wire feeder so that the wire feeds properly. Doing so prevents deformities in the wire (in the case of too high of tension) that may cause the wire to wear out the contact tip prematurely. Cutting a GMAW liner too long can cause it to become misaligned with the gas diffuser. Conversely, cutting a liner too short may lead to debris build-up between the liner and gas diffuser. Both instances can lead to poor wire feeding, weld quality issues and premature contact tip failure. To prevent this problem, always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for installation, making certain that the liner is free of any burrs or short edges after you trim it. A smooth cut helps ensure smooth and consistent feeding of the welding wire. Some manufacturers offer a liner gauge to help you determine the proper length for your particular liner, while others print markings on the outside of the weld cable to show when the liner is twisted, allowing for more accurate trimming. If your gun does not have these markings, make sure the cable is fully extended when inserting the new liner. Remember to wear gloves when handling the liner and avoid dragging it on the ground. These precautions help prevent debris from being introduced into the GMAW gun and causing weld contamination and/or poor consumable performance. Burnback is one of the most common causes of downtime in a GMAW application and is a significant cause of premature contact tip failure. Proper equipment setup is one of the key defenses to protect your consumables. First, be sure that you have established the appropriate contact tip recess and wire stick out for your application, and that you maintain a correct contact-tip-to-work distance. Check electrical connections regularly and replace worn work leads or cables, as faulty ones can also cause the problem. Make sure to maintain the proper drive roll tension and install your liner properly, too. Both precautions minimize erratic wire feeding that could lead to burnbacks. Storing and handling GMAW consumables properly not only helps them last longer, but also perform better. Never store your GMAW consumables loose in a bin, since it can cause scratches on them that attract spatter and may lead to premature failure. Instead, keep them in their original packaging until you are ready to use them. Doing so will also protect the components from contaminants such as dirt or oil. Finally, always wear clean gloves when handling or replacing contact tips, nozzles and diffusers. Again, it helps prevent dirt, oil or other contaminants from adhering to them and also potentially entering the weld puddle. Like any welding process, GMAW has many factors to consider in order to achieve the best results. Make sure that you don’t overlook the impact of your GMAW gun, consumables and shielding gas as part of those. Being mindful of the selection process, storage and handling, and installation, among other things, can be beneficial to both your productivity and your bottom line in the long run.
It’s tough to stay cool in the hot summer months, let alone when you are “under the hood” welding. Unfortunately, that heat can take a toll on your body, mind and performance. In addition to affecting your mental acuity – causing loss of concentration or, in extreme cases, confusion – excessive heat can also affect your motor skills, cause irritability and increase fatigue. Consuming liquids throughout the day is a critical part of staying cool. It is also helpful to supplement that approach with smart equipment selection and other cooling options. Consider these tips. As a general rule, selecting the lightest, most flexible MIG gun for the application is the best choice. In the case of a 400-amp application, a MIG gun rated at 300 amps may suffice for your application. That is because MIG gun amperages reflect the temperatures above which the handle or the cable on a MIG gun becomes uncomfortable. They do not indicate the point at which the MIG gun risks damage or failure. Also, you spend time in the day doing other things besides welding – moving parts, prepping materials or fixturing them. It’s highly unlikely that you will be operating the MIG gun at full amperage and full duty cycle at all times. Duty cycle is defined by the amount of arc-on time in a 10-minute period that the equipment can be operated at maximum capacity. Some MIG guns will offer 100 percent duty cycle, while others are rated 60 percent or below. It is important to research the MIG gun’s duty cycle prior to purchasing it in order to ensure it offers the necessary capacity for the application. But in most cases you don’t have to match your MIG gun amperage to the exact amperage of your application to get the job done. A lower amperage MIG gun can often suffice and keep you cooler. Selecting a MIG gun with the appropriate handle, neck and cables for your application can also help you stay cool. Typically, as a MIG gun’s amperage decreases so too does the size of the gun handle and the cable. That decrease in size and weight can help minimize the amount of energy you exert and reduce heat stress. Decide what type of MIG gun handle is most comfortable for you. MIG gun manufacturers often offer handles in curved and straight models. Regardless of the one you choose, make sure it is a lightweight, comfortable style that also meets the MIG gun and application’s amperage and duty cycle requirements. Typically, a smaller handle will be easier for you to maneuver. Additionally, some MIG gun manufacturers offer ventilated handles, which help reduce heat and are more comfortable to hold when welding for longer periods of time. In some instances, a water-cooled MIG gun may provide the smaller size desired for an application and would be a good choice to reduce fatigue on higher amperage applications, especially in a shop setting. When selecting power cables, choose the smallest and shortest power cable possible that can still meet the needs of your application. Smaller and shorter power cables are lighter and more flexible, and can help reduce your fatigue. They can also minimize clutter in the workspace and prevent excessive coiling that may be cumbersome to unravel or that could lead to poor wire feeding. An added advantage is that smaller and shorter cables tend to be less expensive, as well. Also, consider using a MIG gun with a rotatable or flexible neck to minimize unnecessary movement. Flexible necks can be easily adjusted to fit different welding angles. This feature helps minimize additional straining to reach a particular weld joint, and reduces the risk of fatigue or injury. Similarly, rotatable necks are a good option for welding out-of-position (including overhead), as they can be adjusted to reach the weld joint without changing the gun handle or its position. Bernard offers neck couplers, too, which allow you to connect multiple necks together to reach especially difficult joints more comfortably. Cooling vests are one option for beating the summer heat, but these can make some people uncomfortable and actually increase fatigue. Instead, you may want to consider a lighter cooling option like a cooling belt. For example, the CoolBelt™ from Miller Electric Mfg. LLC (an Illinois Tool Works company that Bernard is a division of) provides constant airflow over the welder’s head and face. The fan on the CoolBelt is secured on the lower back. Air flows upward through a piece of tubing that fits into your helmet; it’s then dispersed through the vents. The CoolBelt can reduce the temperature as much as 17 degrees. One advantage of the CoolBelt, compared to a cooling vest is its weight — it is significantly lighter so it helps improve stamina throughout the workday. Additionally, the CoolBelt doesn’t obstruct your range of motion, allowing you to perform more efficiently. Find additional safety gear to help you keep cool in the summer heat
Estimated reading time: 7 minutes For companies faced with training new welders, it is important to instill good habits early in the process. Doing so helps ensure the welders are well prepared not only to create quality welds, but also to contribute positively to the operation’s productivity. It can also help the welders gain the confidence they need to become increasingly proficient. Following are 10 important things to teach new welders, to help them improve their skills and stay safe in the process. It is critical that welders protect themselves from the heat and electricity generated by the welding process with the proper personal protective equipment (PPE). The arc is dangerous to both the eyes and skin. PPE includes: flame-resistant gloves, safety glasses, a welding helmet and a long-sleeved welding jacket. Flame-resistant clothing and steel-toed shoes are also recommended. Both the American Welding Society (AWS) and OSHA offer guidelines for PPE for specific environments. Be sure to use enough ventilation, local exhaust at the arc, or both to keep the fumes and gases below the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)/Threshold Limit Value (TLV)/Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) in the breathing zone and the general area. Always train new welders to keep their heads out of the fumes. Explain the importance of reading and understanding the manufacturer’s instructions for equipment, your company’s safety practices, and the safety instructions on the label and the material safety data sheet for the filler metals being used. Routinely check for proper ground connections and stand on a dry rubber mat (indoors) or a dry board (outdoors) during welding to minimize the possibility of electrical shock Good conductivity (the ability for the electrical current to flow along the welding circuit) helps gain good weld quality. New welders should always install their consumables – diffusers, nozzles, contact tips – according to the manufacturer’s recommendation, making sure that each component is securely tightened. In a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) operation, for example, the connection between the GMAW gun neck and diffuser needs to be secure to prevent shielding gas leaks. Secure connections also provide the surface area necessary to carry the electrical current throughout the GMAW gun to create a stable arc. Good connections also help prevent weld defects, support consistent productivity and reduce the risk of premature consumable failure due to overheating. Dirt, oil, grease and other debris can easily enter the weld pool causing contamination that leads to poor weld quality and costly rework. Excessive oxidation and moisture can compromise quality weld. New welders need to learn proper cleaning procedure for the base material they are welding. In some cases, wiping the base material with a clean, dry cloth may suffice. However, welding on aluminum, for example, requires the use of a stainless steel wire brush designated for aluminum to clean out the joint before welding. A wire brush removes dirt and any of the oxides that may still reside on material surface. Regardless of the material, it is important to follow the proper instructions for cleaning before welding. Welding procedures are the “recipe” needed to create consistent welds and should be followed at all times. The procedures for a given application have been carefully determined and qualified by experts to ensure that the recommended parameters are capable of yielding the desired results. Weld procedures include the required shielding gas mixture, recommended gas flow rate, and voltage and amperage ranges. These procedures also provide information on the type and diameter of filler metal to use, as well as the proper wire feed speed in the case of a GMAW or flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) application. New welders can benefit from familiarizing themselves with the attributes of various types of wires, including flux-cored and metal-cored wires, as well as the techniques for welding with each type. For example, they should learn whether their filler metal requires a “push” or “pull” technique. Following old adages like, “If there’s slag, then you drag,” can help; it indicates that flux-cored wires, which produce slag, should be operated using a pull technique. New welders should also become familiar with the manufacturer’s specification sheet for additional operating recommendations. Learning to handle and store filler metals properly is also critical for new welders to learn. They should always wear clean gloves when handling filler metals and if they are responsible for storing them, should do so in a clean, dry environment. Keeping cool and comfortable during the welding process can help welders lessen the chance of injuries associated with repetitive movement and reduce overall fatigue. When possible, new welders should learn to minimize cumulative strength moves, material handling or constant motion. They should also use a GMAW gun with a comfortable handle and cable style, as these factors contribute to the equipment’s maneuverability. New welders should be encouraged to play an active role in improving workspace ergonomics. Typically, the more input a welder offers about the job, the more satisfied he or she will be. Plus, that involvement can help ensure greater safety compliance and lower workers’ compensation costs for injuries. Every material has different mechanical and chemical properties. Helping new welders understand the difference between materials — particularly how they react to heating and cooling — is a key component of training. For example, austenitic stainless steel conducts heat at around half the rate of mild steel, but has a much higher rate of thermal expansion when welded; it also has a more localized heat affected zone (HAZ) that can lead to buckling when the weld cools. Welders who are aware of such properties can take precautions such as clamping to prevent distortion. Similarly, many materials require pre- and post-weld heat treatments to control the cooling rate and prevent cracking. When welders are familiar with such material attributes, they’re better prepared to make necessary adjustments during the welding process. Knowing how to conduct an accurate visual inspection of a completed weld is the first step in quality control. It is also the quickest and least expensive method of inspection. New welders should learn how to identify weld defects that have porosity, for example, since the presence of this weld defect on the surface often indicates a similar problem throughout the weld. Identifying the defect early on helps prevent the time and cost associated with other testing methods, including x-ray or NDT (non-destructive testing) inspections. Other defects that new welders should learn to identify include lack of penetration (high, ropey welds), excessive penetration (sunken welds) and undercutting (characterized by a notch in the base material). It is important that welders inspect for weld cracks, which are among the most common weld defects to occur. Identifying and rectifying welding problems quickly is a key skill for new welders to learn. Good troubleshooting skills not only help reduce downtime, but they also contribute to good weld quality and productivity. Such skills can also help reduce costs associated with rework. New welders can benefit from learning how to adjust gas flow rates properly and/or identify gas leaks in order to solve instances of porosity. They should also know how to make adjustments to amperage and voltage settings if they encounter issues such as lack of penetration, excessive penetration or undercutting. Identifying welding problems associated with worn consumables is also important, since poor conductivity can result in an unstable arc and lead to a variety of weld defects. From the power source to the GMAW gun and consumables, every part of the welding system requires maintenance to keep it operating efficiently and effectively. New welders should become familiar with proper maintenance procedures — preferably preventive ones — as part of the ongoing upkeep of the entire welding system. Regularly checking that the connections throughout the length of their gun or torch are tight is important, as is visually inspecting the front-end consumables for signs of wear. In the case of a GMAW gun, the welder should replace nozzles or contact tips that have spatter buildup on them to prevent issues such as poor gas coverage or an erratic arc that will likely lead to weld defects. Welders should regularly check the power source, primary power line, gas cylinders and gas distribution system to ensure that they are working properly. They also need to replace faulty gas regulators or cables and hoses that show signs of wear, cracks or damage.
Owner of Jolson Welding, Bob Jolson, talks about how Bernard’s Q-Gun MIG gun has increased his productivity and reduced his back pain while welding large diameter pipe. “You can go online and build a gun and they’ll send it right to you with everything you want to your spec. I’ve got a flexible gooseneck. They make them in a six and eight inch size, which is really a major asset because we get into lots of tight places and tight spots” Bob Jolson, owner of Jolson Welding, talks about why he swears by the Bernard® Dura-Flux™ self-shielded flux-cored gun. “I like running the long neck, so all the heat’s away from me. You know the durability we haven’t really, really, really beat one up bad enough to have to retire it yet. Lots of accelerate through the Dura-Flux we have no feeding problems. It’s just a good all-around gun.”
Bob Jolson, owner of Jolson Welding, talks about the benefits of Bernard’s Centerfire consumables – “we get probably three to four more times their lifetimes on the tip and they basically they don’t wear out. I used to carry a baggie of them in my pocket. Now the same one goes to the washing machine two or three days in a row. I still get it back and keep it in my pocket” Owner of Jolson Welding, Bob Jolson, talks about the advantages of Bernard products in his welding operation. He discusses his favorite part of the Bernard Q-Gun™ semi-automatic air-cooled MIG gun. “When I got with Bernard products and had this Q-gun made up for me with a flexible gooseneck. Which is really a major asset because we get into lots of tight places and tight spots. It’s really nice.” Bob’s love for the Dura-Flux™ self-shielded flux-cored gun is very simple. “The reason why I like the Dura-Flux gun most important of all, I think, is the micro switch inside the trigger. I also like the little trigger guard here. My competitor’s gun they had this big old thing heat shield and basically it’s always in your way” “As far as the tip wear goes like I was saying we get probably three to four more times or lifetimes on the tip and they basically they don’t wear out” Centerfire™ consumables has helped gain productivity for Jolson Welding. Tico Terminal Trucks & Trailers improved productivity and reduced welding costs using Bernard Q-Gun™ semi-automatic air-cooled MIG guns and Centerfire™ consumables. “We had an opportunity through one of our suppliers to test the Bernard Centerfire tip system and initially I provided that system to my best welder in house I felt like he would be the one person that could tell me honestly if it was a valuable product to us or not. Within two weeks his only response was – “I love it”. Weld quality has improved and it is simply because we get a more accurate flow of gas on the weld. The huge advantage to the Centerfire tip system is the fact that it’s not a threaded in tip. So when you do in fact arc out a tip, it doesn’t require a lot of time to remove the tip put in a new one. They’re also much more durable, so that happens a lot less.”Maintaining Your MIG Gun… and Your Welding Costs
Maintaining Your MIG Gun… and Your Welding Costs
Choose the Right MIG Gun for Your Application
Other factors you should consider when selecting your MIG gun:
Maintaining Your MIG Gun
Check the feeder connection
Properly care for your MIG gun liner
Inspect the handle and trigger
missing screws. Check that your MIG gun trigger is not sticking or otherwise malfunctioning. Replace these components as necessary.Check the MIG gun neck
Visually inspect the power cable
Be mindful of your consumables
The Causes of GMAW Flaws
The Causes of GMAW Flaws … and the Cures to Help Welding Operators Get Back to Work Faster
Porosity
or the GMAW gun are free of leaks can help solve the problem.Burn Through
Incomplete Joint Penetration (Lack of Penetration)
Undercutting
Hot Cracking
Incomplete Fusion
When the weld metal fails to completely fuse with the base metal or with the preceding weld bead in multi-pass applications, incomplete fusion can occur. Some people also refer to this weld flaw as cold lap or lack of fusion.10 Mistakes in Running a Welding Operation and How to Fix Them
10 Mistakes in Running a Welding Operation and How to Fix Them
Mistake No. 1: Improper Filler Metal Storage and Handling
Mistake No. 2: Repurposing Old Equipment
Mistake No. 3: Using the Wrong Size MIG Gun
Mistake No. 4: Improper Preheat or Interpass Temperature Control
weld procedure altogether. Yet preheating is one of the biggest deterrents against cracking, as it slows down the cooling rate after welding. The type and thickness of the material being welded will determine preheat and interpass temperature. These requirements can be found in the application’s welding procedure, welding codes or other fabrication documents. For the best results, welding operators need to preheat the material completely through and extend the heated area to approximately three inches on either side of the weld joint. Welding should commence while the material is at or above the preheat temperature. Allowing the weldment to cool below the required interpass temperature may also lead to cracking.Mistake No. 5: Ignoring Preventive Maintenance
Mistake No. 6: Shielding Gas Inconsistencies
Mistake No. 7: Purchasing Filler Metals Based on Cost Only
Mistake No. 8: Improper Weld Preparation
Mistake No. 9: Disregarding MIG Gun Consumables
Mistake No. 10: Overlooking Training Opportunities
Keeping an Open Mind and Reaping the Benefits
Keeping an Open Mind and Reaping the Benefits: How One Company Reduced its Downtime and Costs Through a Simple Product Trial
The Projects and Challenges
The First Solution
Finding Additional Benefits with New MIG Guns
Reaping the Benefits
Three Ways Welding Guns and Consumables Can Improve Productivity
Three Ways Welding Guns and Consumables Can Improve Productivity
Contact Tips
Better Shielding
In addition to inadequate shielding gas, porosity can also occur if a welding operator uses too small of a nozzle for the application, extends the welding wire too far beyond the end of the nozzle or tries to weld with a nozzle full of spatter. Air from outside or from fans can create the problem, too, by blowing away much needed shielding gas.The Benefits of Comfort
MIG Gun Consumables: Tips to Extend Life
MIG Gun Consumables: Tips to Extend Life
The Heat Factor
The Anti-Spatter Solution
Proper Storage and Handling
Establish and Maintain Good Connections
Trim Liners Correctly
Recess/Extension Amperage Wire Stick-Out Process Notes 1/4-in. Recess > 200 1/2 – 3/4in. Spray, high-current pulse Metal-cored wired, spray transfer, argon-rich mixed gas 1/8-in. Recess > 200 1/2 – 3/4in. Spray, high-current pulse Metal-cored wired, spray transfer, argon-rich mixed gas Flush < 200 1/4 – 1/2in. Short-current, low-current pulse Low argon concentrations or 100 percent CO2 1/8-in. Extension < 200 1/4 in. Short-current, low-current pulse Difficult-to-access joints Mind the Contact Tip Position and Nozzle Size
Other Considerations
GMAW Guns, Consumables and More – Common Questions Answered
GMAW Guns, Consumables and More: Common Questions Answered
How do I determine what amperage GMAW gun I need
Besides amperage, what else should I consider when selecting a GMAW gun?
What type of shielding gas is best for my application?
How can I make my GMAW consumables last longer?
What is the proper way to trim and install my GMAW gun liner?
How can I protect my contact tips from burnback?
What’s the best way to store and handle my GMAW consumables?
Stay Cool When Welding In The Summer Heat
Stay Cool When Welding In The Summer Heat
Tip One: Don’t go over amperage
Tip Two: Get a good handle
Tip Three: Stay light and flexible
Tip Four: Consider a cool option
Teaching New Welders to Improve Quality and Productivity
Teaching New Welders to Improve Quality and Productivity
1. Make safety a priority
2. Install consumables properly
3. Cleanliness is critical
4. Always follow welding procedures
5. Understand the importance of filler metals
6. Stay comfortable
7. Know the material properties
8. Visually inspect the welds
9. Learn how to troubleshoot
10. Maintenance makes a difference
Increase productivity: MIG Welding with a Bernard Q-Gun MIG Gun | Customer Testimonial
Increase productivity: MIG Welding with a Bernard® Q-Gun™ MIG Gun
Benefits of Flux-Cored Welding with a Bernard Dura-Flux Gun | Customer Testimonial
Benefits of flux-cored welding with a Bernard® Dura-Flux™ self-shielded gun
Gain productivity in MIG Welding with Bernard Centerfire Consumables | Customer Testimonial
Gain productivity in MIG Welding with Bernard® Centerfire™ Consumables
Jolson Welding discuss advantages of Bernard MIG guns, flux-cored guns and consumables | Customer Testimonial
Jolson Welding discuss advantages of Bernard® MIG guns, flux-cored guns and consumables
More Productivity and Lower Costs: Tico Adopts Bernard® MIG Welding Guns & Consumables | Customer Testimonial
More Productivity and Lower Costs: Tico Adopts Bernard® MIG Welding Guns & Consumables
